In addressing public transport-related problems, different factors should be looked into as well, including accessibility, connectivity, availability, overcrowding, safety, security, and reliability.

There are pressing issues that need attention such as those related to security that include harassment, alcohol-fuelled violence, and crime. As such, security aspects are relevant to public transport systems, including first and last-mile journey to and from commuters’ origins and final destinations. These issues tend to be even worse in city peripheries and low-income communities, gravely affecting vulnerable groups who often rely on public transport systems.

Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional challenges of health and hygiene to the operation of public transport services. Due to the difficulties of implementing social distancing and the perceived high risk of infection, many cities opted to shut-down their public transport networks.